河北省优质棉育种70年回顾与展望

河北省优质陆地棉品种选育工作起步较早，新中国成立以来先后选育出石短5号、冀棉22号、冀棉26、新陆中8号、冀228、农大棉13号等高品质棉花品种和大量优质棉品种。根据不同时期的优质棉评价标准，对1949―2019年河北省选育的优质棉品种的纤维品质性状进行了统计和分析，结合纺织工业对优质原棉的需求，指出河北省优质棉育种存在的问题，并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

新疆兵团主要植棉区机采棉田杂草调查

采用倒置“W”九点取样法对新疆兵团北疆、东疆主要植棉师蕾期、铃期棉田杂草进行调查。结果表明：北疆第六师、东疆第十三师机采棉田杂草主要有16科31种，其中禾本科杂草占16.1%，阔叶杂草占80.7%，莎草科杂草占3.2%；1年生杂草占64.5%，多年生杂草占35.5%。北疆第六师蕾期棉田优势杂草为龙葵、野西瓜苗、田旋花、灰藜，铃期优势杂草为龙葵、田旋花、灰藜。东疆第十三师蕾期棉田优势杂草为灰藜、反枝苋、狗尾草，铃期优势杂草为龙葵、灰藜、反枝苋、田旋花。不同地区、不同生育时期棉田优势杂草有所差异。研究结果将为新疆兵团机采棉田杂草的科学可持续防控提供重要依据。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

不同生育时期水分胁迫对水稻产量及品质的影响

[目的]水分是制约水稻生长的重要因素之一,对水稻产量及品质产生重大影响,通过分析不同生育时期水分胁迫对水稻产量及品质的影响,为水稻生产节水灌溉技术提供理论指导.[方法]于2018—2019年在四川农业大学成都校区教学试验基地大棚进行盆栽试验,选用宜香优2115(杂交籼稻)、IR72(常规籼稻)、南粳9108(常规粳稻)3种不同类型水稻为材料,分别于孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期进行轻度(LD,-20 kPa)、中度(MD,-40 kPa)、重度(SD,-60 kPa)3种水分胁迫处理,以淹水灌溉作为对照(CK,0 kPa),采用土壤张力计监测土壤水势,各生育时期水分胁迫处理时间均为10 d;分析3个生育时期不同水分胁迫条件下,不同类型水稻产量、抗旱系数、抗旱指数及稻米品质等指标的变化.[结果]不同水稻品种在3个时期对水分胁迫的敏感程度由高到低依次为孕穗期、开花期、灌浆期;就产量而言,孕穗期不同程度水分胁迫均会导致水稻每穗实粒数和结实率下降而减产,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108在不同水分胁迫下的平均产量分别较对照减少25.5％,28.4％和15.8％,开花期轻度水分胁迫可促进千粒质量增加而增产,IR72和南粳9108分别较对照增产1.1％和7.3％,灌浆期轻度水分胁迫可促进每穗实粒数、千粒质量和结实率增加进而提高产量,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108分别较对照增产10.6％、7.3％和15.5％;就品质而言,孕穗期不同程度水分胁迫均会导致稻米加工品质、蒸煮食味品质降低,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108在不同水分胁迫下的平均整精米率分别较对照减少7.5％,7.5％和4.6％,开花期和灌浆期轻度水分胁迫可提高稻米精米率和整精米率、增加胶稠度,灌浆期轻度水分胁迫可降低稻米的消减值、提高最高黏度和崩解值,从而改善食味品质,宜香优2115、IR72和南粳9108的崩解值分别较对照增加29.5％,34.8％和18.2％.3个水稻品种对水分胁迫的敏感程度由高到低依次为IR72、宜香优2115、南粳9108.[结论]综合水稻产量和品质分析表明,开花期和灌浆期轻度水分胁迫有利于节水增产,提升稻米品质.     

‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄果锈发生规律调查与防治建议

以‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄为调查对象,以果袋颜色、植物生长调节剂、负载量、氮钙施肥配比、挂树时间、树龄、果粒大小、糖度等指标为变量,连续多年在河南省调查了‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄果锈的发生规律,并提出了防治措施,即:套绿色或蓝色果袋;使用25 mg/L GA3+5 mg/L CPPU或25 mg/L GA3+2.5 mg/L TDZ进行无核保果处理;667 m^2产量控制在1500~2000 kg;高钙低氮配比施肥;果实糖度达到18%以后及时采收;培养壮树;多留副梢,尤其是果穗附近副梢叶片;减少或不要触碰果实。     

河北省山区降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征

[目的] 探究河北省山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征，为该区水土流失治理措施的制定和实施提供科学依据。[方法] 应用时间变化分析和空间分布分析对河北省山区2000-2018年降雨侵蚀力进行分析。[结果] 时间趋势中燕山山区年降雨侵蚀力呈波动上升趋势，主周期为11 a，在2009年发生突变，春、秋两季呈波动下降趋势，主周期分别为8和11 a，春季无突变点，秋季在2001年发生突变，夏季呈波动波动上升趋势，9 a为主周期，在2010年发生突变；太行山区年降雨侵蚀力呈波动下降趋势，主周期为6 a，无突变点，夏、秋两季呈波动上升趋势，主周期分别为8和10 a，均无突变点，春季呈波动下降趋势，主周期为8 a，在2006年发生突变；空间分布中，年均降雨侵蚀力范围为1 063.39~5 127.44 MJ·mm/（hm²·h），燕山山区由西到东年及夏季平均降雨侵蚀力先增长后降低再增长，太行山区中由南向北年、夏季平均降雨侵蚀力逐渐降低，春、秋两季降雨侵蚀力分布规律较为多变。[结论] 通过对河北省山区降雨侵蚀力的分析，得出河北省山区夏季水土流失最为严重，燕山山区部分地区尤为突出。     

Assessment of soil aggregation properties after conversion from rice to greenhouse organic cultivation on SOC controlling mechanism

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Organic manure is beneficial for macro-aggregate formation and soil organic carbon (SOC), but how SOC change in aggregate fractions in time-series is still...     

Integrating meteorological factors for better understanding of the urban form-air quality relationship

Landscape Ecology - Understanding the urban form-air quality relationship is essential to mitigate intra-urban air pollution and to improve urban ecology. However, few studies considered urban form...